---
title: "Create Awesome HTML Table with knitr::kable and kableExtra"
author: "Hao Zhu"
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
output: 
  html_document:
    theme: simplex
    toc: true
    toc_depth: 2
    toc_float: true
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Create Awesome HTML Table with knitr::kable and kableExtra}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
    $('[data-toggle="popover"]').popover(); 
});
</script>

<img src="kableExtra_sm.png" align="right" alt="logo" width="80" height = "93" style = "border: none; float: right;">

> Please see the package [documentation site](https://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/) for how to use this package in LaTeX.

# Overview
The goal of `kableExtra` is to help you build common complex tables and manipulate table styles. It imports the pipe `%>%` symbol from `magrittr` and verbalize all the functions, so basically you can add "layers" to a kable output in a way that is similar with `ggplot2` and `plotly`. 

For users who are not very familiar with the pipe operator `%>%` in R, it is the R version of the [fluent interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface). The idea is to pass the result along the chain for a more literal coding experience. Basically when we say `A %>% B`, technically it means sending the results of A to B as B's first argument.

To learn how to generate complex tables in LaTeX, please visit [http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/awesome_table_in_pdf.pdf](http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/awesome_table_in_pdf.pdf)

There is also a Chinese version of this vignette. You can find it [here](http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/awesome_table_in_html_cn.html)

# Installation
```r
install.packages("kableExtra")

# For dev version
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("haozhu233/kableExtra")
```
# Getting Started
Here we are using the first few columns and rows from dataset `mtcars`
```{r}
library(kableExtra)
dt <- mtcars[1:5, 1:6]
```

> **Key Update:** In the latest version of this package (1.2+), we provide a wrapper function `kbl` to the original `kable` function with detailed documentation of all the hidden html/latex options. It also does auto-formatting check in every function call instead of relying on the global environment variable. As a result, it also solves an issue for multi-format R Markdown documents. I encourage you start to use the new `kbl` function for all its convenience but the support for the original `kable` function is still there. In this doc, we will use `kbl` instead of `kable`.


**This paragraph is a little outdated. It's here only for education purpose because it's helpful to understand how `kable` works under the hood**. When you are using `kable()`, if you don't specify `format`, by default it will generate a markdown table and let Pandoc handle the conversion from markdown to HTML/PDF. This is the most favorable approach to render most simple tables as it is format independent. If you switch from HTML to pdf, you basically don't need to change anything in your code. However, markdown doesn't support complex table. For example, if you want to have a double-row header table, markdown just cannot provide you the functionality you need. As a result, when you have such a need, you should **define `format` in `kable()`** as either "html" or "latex". *You can also define a global option at the beginning using `options(knitr.table.format = "html")` so you don't repeat the step every time.* **Starting from `kableExtra` 0.9.0**, when you load this package (`library(kableExtra)`), it will automatically set up the global option 'knitr.table.format' based on your current environment. Unless you are rendering a PDF, `kableExtra` will try to render a HTML table for you. **You no longer need to manually set either the global option or the `format` option in each `kable()` function**. I'm still including the explanation above here in this vignette so you can understand what is going on behind the scene. Note that this is only an global option. You can manually set any format in `kable()` whenever you want. I just hope you can enjoy a peace of mind in most of your time. You can disable this behavior by setting `options(kableExtra.auto_format = FALSE)` before you load `kableExtra`.

```{r}
# If you are using kableExtra < 0.9.0, you are recommended to set a global option first.
# options(knitr.table.format = "html") 
## If you don't define format here, you'll need put `format = "html"` in every kable function.
```

## Basic HTML table
Basic HTML output of `kable` looks very crude. To the end, it's just a plain HTML table without any love from css.
```{r}
kbl(dt)
```

## Bootstrap theme
When used on a HTML table, `kable_styling()` will automatically apply twitter bootstrap theme to the table. Now it should looks the same as the original Pandoc output (the one when you don't specify `format` in `kable()`) but this time, you are controlling it.
```{r}
dt %>%
  kbl() %>%
  kable_styling()
```

## Alternative themes
`kableExtra` also offers a few in-house alternative HTML table themes other than the default bootstrap theme. Right now there are 6 of them: `kable_paper`, `kable_classic`, `kable_classic_2`, `kable_minimal`, `kable_material` and `kable_material_dark`. These functions are alternatives to `kable_styling`, which means that you can specify any additional formatting options in `kable_styling` in these functions too. The only difference is that `bootstrap_options` (as discussed in the next section) is replaced with `lightable_options` at the same location with only two choices `striped` and `hover` available.

```{r}
dt %>%
  kbl() %>%
  kable_paper("hover", full_width = F)
```

```{r}
dt %>%
  kbl(caption = "Recreating booktabs style table") %>%
  kable_classic(full_width = F, html_font = "Cambria")
```

```{r}
dt %>%
  kbl() %>%
  kable_classic_2(full_width = F)
```

```{r}
dt %>%
  kbl() %>%
  kable_minimal()
```

```{r}
dt %>%
  kbl() %>%
  kable_material(c("striped", "hover"))
```

```{r}
dt %>%
  kbl() %>%
  kable_material_dark()
```



# Table Styles
`kable_styling` offers a few other ways to customize the look of a HTML table. 

## Bootstrap table classes
If you are familiar with twitter bootstrap, you probably have already known its predefined classes, including `striped`, `bordered`, `hover`, `condensed` and `responsive`. If you are not familiar, no worries, you can take a look at their [documentation site](https://getbootstrap.com/css/) to get a sense of how they look like. All of these options are available here. 

For example, to add striped lines (alternative row colors) to your table and you want to highlight the hovered row, you can simply type:
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover"))
```

The option `condensed` can also be handy in many cases when you don't want your table to be too large. It has slightly shorter row height.
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed"))
```

Tables with option `responsive` looks the same with others on a large screen. However, on a small screen like phone, they are horizontally scrollable. Please resize your window to see the result.
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed", "responsive"))
```

## Full width?
By default, a bootstrap table takes 100% of the width. It is supposed to use together with its grid system to scale the table properly. However, when you are writing an R Markdown document, you probably don't want to write your own css/or grid. For some small tables with only few columns, a page wide table looks awful. To make it easier, you can specify whether you want the table to have  `full_width` or not in `kable_styling`. By default, `full_width` is set to be `TRUE` for HTML tables (note that for LaTeX, the default is `FALSE` since I don't want to change the "common" looks unless you specified it.)
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_paper(bootstrap_options = "striped", full_width = F)
```

## Position
Table Position only matters when the table doesn't have `full_width`. You can choose to align the table to `center`, `left` or `right` side of the page
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "striped", full_width = F, position = "left")
```

Besides these three common options, you can also wrap text around the table using the `float-left` or `float-right` options. 
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "striped", full_width = F, position = "float_right")
```
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras sit amet mauris in ex ultricies elementum vel rutrum dolor. Phasellus tempor convallis dui, in hendrerit mauris placerat scelerisque. Maecenas a accumsan enim, a maximus velit. Pellentesque in risus eget est faucibus convallis nec at nulla. Phasellus nec lacinia justo. Morbi fermentum, orci id varius accumsan, nibh neque porttitor ipsum, consectetur luctus risus arcu ac ex. Aenean a luctus augue. Suspendisse et auctor nisl. Suspendisse cursus ultrices quam non vulputate. Phasellus et pharetra neque, vel feugiat erat. Sed feugiat elit at mauris commodo consequat. Sed congue lectus id mattis hendrerit. Mauris turpis nisl, congue eget velit sed, imperdiet convallis magna. Nam accumsan urna risus, non feugiat odio vehicula eget.

## Font size
If one of your tables is huge and you want to use a smaller font size for that specific table, you can use the `font_size` option. 
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_styling(bootstrap_options = "striped", font_size = 7)
```

## Fixed Table Header Row
If you happened to have a very long table, you may consider to use this `fixed_header` option to fix the header row on top as your readers scroll. By default, the background is set to white. If you need a different color, you can set `fixed_header = list(enabled = T, background = "red")`. 

```{r}
kbl(mtcars[1:10, 1:5]) %>%
  kable_styling(fixed_thead = T)
```

# Column / Row Specification
## Column spec
When you have a table with lots of explanatory texts, you may want to specified the column width for different column, since the auto adjust in HTML may not work in its best way while basic LaTeX table is really bad at handling text wrapping. Also, sometimes, you may want to highlight a column (e.g. a "Total" column) by making it bold. In these scenario, you can use `column_spec()`. You can find an example below. 

Warning: If you have a super long table, you should be cautious when you use `column_spec` as the xml node modification takes time.

```{r}
text_tbl <- data.frame(
  Items = c("Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3"),
  Features = c(
    "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin vehicula tempor ex. Morbi malesuada sagittis turpis, at venenatis nisl luctus a. ",
    "In eu urna at magna luctus rhoncus quis in nisl. Fusce in velit varius, posuere risus et, cursus augue. Duis eleifend aliquam ante, a aliquet ex tincidunt in. ", 
    "Vivamus venenatis egestas eros ut tempus. Vivamus id est nisi. Aliquam molestie erat et sollicitudin venenatis. In ac lacus at velit scelerisque mattis. "
  )
)

kbl(text_tbl) %>%
  kable_paper(full_width = F) %>%
  column_spec(1, bold = T, border_right = T) %>%
  column_spec(2, width = "30em", background = "yellow")
```

> **Key Update**: I understand the need of doing conditional formatting and the previous solution `cell_spec` is relatively hard to use. Therefore in kableExtra 1.2, I improved the functionality of `column_spec` so it can take vectorized input for most of its arguments (except `width`, `border_left` and `border_right`). It is really easy right now to format a column based on other values. 

```{r}
mtcars[1:8, 1:8] %>%
  kbl() %>%
  kable_paper(full_width = F) %>%
  column_spec(2, color = spec_color(mtcars$mpg[1:8]),
              link = "https://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/") %>%
  column_spec(6, color = "white",
              background = spec_color(mtcars$drat[1:8], end = 0.7),
              popover = paste("am:", mtcars$am[1:8]))
```

You can still use the `spec_***` helper functions to help you define color. See the documentation [below](#visualize-data-with-viridis-color). 

## Insert Images into Columns
Technically, we are still talking about `column_spec` here. However, since this topic itself contains its own subtopics, we split it out as a separate section. Since `kableExtra` 1.2, we introduced the feature of adding images to columns of tables. Here is a quick example. 

```{r}
tbl_img <- data.frame(
  name = c("kableExtra 1", "kableExtra 2"),
  logo = ""
)
tbl_img %>%
  kbl(booktabs = T) %>%
  kable_paper(full_width = F) %>%
  column_spec(2, image = "kableExtra_sm.png")
```

If you need to specify the size of the images, you need to do it through `spec_image`. 

```{r}
tbl_img %>%
  kbl(booktabs = T) %>%
  kable_paper(full_width = F) %>%
  column_spec(2, image = spec_image(
    c("kableExtra_sm.png", "kableExtra_sm.png"), 50, 50))
```

`kableExtra` also provides a few inline plotting tools. Right now, there are `spec_hist`, `spec_boxplot`, and `spec_plot`. One key feature is that by default, the limits of every subplots are fixed so you can compare across rows. Note that in html, you can also use package `sparkline` to create some jQuery based interactive sparklines. Check out the end of this guide for details.

```{r}
mpg_list <- split(mtcars$mpg, mtcars$cyl)
disp_list <- split(mtcars$disp, mtcars$cyl)
inline_plot <- data.frame(cyl = c(4, 6, 8), mpg_box = "", mpg_hist = "",
                          mpg_line1 = "", mpg_line2 = "",
                          mpg_points1 = "", mpg_points2 = "", mpg_poly = "")
inline_plot %>%
  kbl(booktabs = TRUE) %>%
  kable_paper(full_width = FALSE) %>%
  column_spec(2, image = spec_boxplot(mpg_list)) %>%
  column_spec(3, image = spec_hist(mpg_list)) %>%
  column_spec(4, image = spec_plot(mpg_list, same_lim = TRUE)) %>%
  column_spec(5, image = spec_plot(mpg_list, same_lim = FALSE)) %>%
  column_spec(6, image = spec_plot(mpg_list, type = "p")) %>%
  column_spec(7, image = spec_plot(mpg_list, disp_list, type = "p")) %>%
  column_spec(8, image = spec_plot(mpg_list, polymin = 5))
```

There is also a `spec_pointrange` function specifically designed for forest plots in regression tables. Of course, feel free to use it for other purposes. 

```{r}
coef_table <- data.frame(
  Variables = c("var 1", "var 2", "var 3"),
  Coefficients = c(1.6, 0.2, -2.0),
  Conf.Lower = c(1.3, -0.4, -2.5),
  Conf.Higher = c(1.9, 0.6, -1.4)
) 

data.frame(
  Variable = coef_table$Variables,
  Visualization = ""
) %>%
  kbl(booktabs = T) %>%
  kable_classic(full_width = FALSE) %>%
  column_spec(2, image = spec_pointrange(
    x = coef_table$Coefficients, 
    xmin = coef_table$Conf.Lower, 
    xmax = coef_table$Conf.Higher, 
    vline = 0)
    )
```

## Row spec
Similar with `column_spec`, you can define specifications for rows. Currently, you can either bold or italicize an entire row. Note that, similar with other row-related functions in `kableExtra`, for the position of the target row, you don't need to count in header rows or the group labeling rows.

```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_paper("striped", full_width = F) %>%
  column_spec(5:7, bold = T) %>%
  row_spec(3:5, bold = T, color = "white", background = "#D7261E")
```



## Header Rows
One special case of `row_spec` is that you can specify the format of the header row via `row_spec(row = 0, ...)`. 
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_paper("striped", full_width = F) %>%
  row_spec(0, angle = -45)
```

# Cell/Text Specification

>**Key Update: As said before, if you are using kableExtra 1.2+, you are now recommended to used `column_spec` to do conditional formatting**. 

Function `cell_spec` is introduced in version 0.6.0 of `kableExtra`. Unlike `column_spec` and `row_spec`, **this function is designed to be used before the data.frame gets into the `kable` function**. Comparing with figuring out a list of 2 dimensional index for targeted cells, this design is way easier to learn and use and it fits perfectly well with `dplyr`'s `mutate` and `summarize` functions. With this design, there are two things to be noted:
* Since `cell_spec` generates raw `HTML` or `LaTeX` code, make sure you remember to put `escape = FALSE` in `kable`. At the same time, you have to escape special symbols including `%` manually by yourself
* `cell_spec` needs a way to know whether you want `html` or `latex`. You can specify it locally in function or globally via the `options(knitr.table.format = "latex")` method as suggested at the beginning. If you don't provide anything, this function will output as HTML by default. 

Currently, `cell_spec` supports features including bold, italic, monospace, text color, background color, align, font size & rotation angle. More features may be added in the future. Please see function documentations as reference. 

## Conditional logic
>**Key Update: Again, as said before, if you are using kableExtra 1.2+, you are now recommended to used `column_spec` to do conditional formatting**.

It is very easy to use `cell_spec` with conditional logic. Here is an example.
```{r, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
cs_dt <- mtcars[1:10, 1:2]
cs_dt$car = row.names(cs_dt)
row.names(cs_dt) <- NULL
cs_dt$mpg = cell_spec(cs_dt$mpg, color = ifelse(cs_dt$mpg > 20, "red", "blue"))
cs_dt$cyl = cell_spec(
  cs_dt$cyl, color = "white", align = "c", angle = 45, 
  background = factor(cs_dt$cyl, c(4, 6, 8), c("#666666", "#999999", "#BBBBBB")))
cs_dt <- cs_dt[c("car", "mpg", "cyl")]

kbl(cs_dt, escape = F) %>%
  kable_paper("striped", full_width = F)

# You can also do this with dplyr and use one pipe from top to bottom
# library(dplyr)
# mtcars[1:10, 1:2] %>%
#   mutate(
#     car = row.names(.),
#     mpg = cell_spec(mpg, "html", color = ifelse(mpg > 20, "red", "blue")),
#     cyl = cell_spec(cyl, "html", color = "white", align = "c", angle = 45, 
#                     background = factor(cyl, c(4, 6, 8), 
#                                         c("#666666", "#999999", "#BBBBBB")))
#   ) %>%
#   select(car, mpg, cyl) %>%
#   kbl(format = "html", escape = F) %>%
#   kable_paper("striped", full_width = F)
```

## Visualize data with Viridis Color
This package also comes with a few helper functions, including `spec_color`, `spec_font_size` & `spec_angle`. These functions can rescale continuous variables to certain scales. For example, function `spec_color` would map a continuous variable to any color palettes, by default [viridis palettes](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=viridisLite). It offers a very visually impressive representation in a tabular format. 

```{r}
vs_dt <- iris[1:10, ]
vs_dt[1:4] <- lapply(vs_dt[1:4], function(x) {
    cell_spec(x, bold = T, 
              color = spec_color(x, end = 0.9),
              font_size = spec_font_size(x))
})
vs_dt[5] <- cell_spec(vs_dt[[5]], color = "white", bold = T,
    background = spec_color(1:10, end = 0.9, option = "A", direction = -1))
kbl(vs_dt, escape = F, align = "c") %>%
  kable_classic("striped", full_width = F)
# Or dplyr ver
# iris[1:10, ] %>%
#   mutate_if(is.numeric, function(x) {
#     cell_spec(x, bold = T, 
#               color = spec_color(x, end = 0.9),
#               font_size = spec_font_size(x))
#   }) %>%
#   mutate(Species = cell_spec(
#     Species, color = "white", bold = T,
#     background = spec_color(1:10, end = 0.9, option = "A", direction = -1)
#   )) %>%
#   kable(escape = F, align = "c") %>%
#   kable_paper(c("striped", "condensed"), full_width = F)
```

## Text Specification
If you check the results of `cell_spec`, you will find that this function does nothing more than wrapping the text with appropriate HTML/LaTeX formatting syntax. The result of this function is just a vector of character strings. As a result, when you are writing an R Markdown document or write some text in shiny apps, if you need extra markups other than **bold** or *italic*, you may use this function to `r text_spec("color", color = "red")`, `r text_spec("change font size ", font_size = 16)` or `r text_spec("rotate", angle = 30)` your text. 

An aliased function `text_spec` is also provided for a more literal writing experience. In HTML, there is no difference between these two functions. 

```{r}
sometext <- strsplit(paste0(
  "You can even try to make some crazy things like this paragraph. ", 
  "It may seem like a useless feature right now but it's so cool ",
  "and nobody can resist. ;)"
), " ")[[1]]
text_formatted <- paste(
  text_spec(sometext, color = spec_color(1:length(sometext), end = 0.9),
            font_size = spec_font_size(1:length(sometext), begin = 5, end = 20)),
  collapse = " ")

# To display the text, type `r text_formatted` outside of the chunk
```
`r text_formatted`

## Tooltip
It's very easy to add a tooltip to text via `cell_spec`. For example, `text_spec("tooltip", color = "red", tooltip = "Hello World")` will give you something like `r text_spec("Hover over me", color = "red", tooltip = "Hello World")` (you need to wait for a few seconds before your browser renders it). 

Note that the original browser-based tooltip is slow. If you want to have a faster response, you may want to initialize bootstrap's tooltip by putting the following HTML code on the page. 
```
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
    $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip(); 
});
</script>
```

In an R Markdown document, you can just drop it outside of any R chunks. Unfortunately however, for R Markdown pages with a **floating TOC** (like this page), you can't use bootstrap tooltips because there is a conflict in namespace between Bootstrap and jQuery UI (`tocify.js`). As a result, I can't provide a live demo here. If you want to have a tooltip together with a floating TOC, you should use `popover` which has a very similar effect.



## Popover Message
The popover message looks very similar with tooltip but it can hold more contents. Unlike tooltip which can minimally work without you manually enable that module, you **have to** enable the `popover` module to get it work. The upper side is that there is no conflict between Bootstrap & jQuery UI this time, you can use it without any concern.

```
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
    $('[data-toggle="popover"]').popover(); 
});
</script>
```

```{r}
popover_dt <- data.frame(
  position = c("top", "bottom", "right", "left"),
  stringsAsFactors = FALSE
)
popover_dt$`Hover over these items` <- cell_spec(
  paste("Message on", popover_dt$position), # Cell texts
  popover = spec_popover(
    content = popover_dt$position,
    title = NULL,                           # title will add a Title Panel on top
    position = popover_dt$position
  ))
kbl(popover_dt, escape = FALSE) %>%
  kable_paper("striped", full_width = FALSE)
```

## Links
You can add links to text via `text_spec("kableExtra", link = "https://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/")`: `r text_spec("kableExtra", link = "https://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/")`. If you want your hover message to be more obvious, it might be a good idea to put a `#` (go back to the top of the page) or `javascript:void(0)` (literally do nothing) in the `link` option.
`text_spec("Hover on me", link = "javascript:void(0)", popover = "Hello")`:
`r text_spec("Hover on me", link = "javascript:void(0)", popover = "Hello")`

## Integration with `formattable` 
You can combine the good parts from `kableExtra` & `formattable` together into one piece. Read more at http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/use_kableExtra_with_formattable.html
```{r, message = FALSE, warning=FALSE}
library(formattable)
ft_dt <- mtcars[1:5, 1:4]
ft_dt$car <- row.names(ft_dt)
row.names(ft_dt) <- NULL
ft_dt$mpg <- color_tile("white", "orange")(ft_dt$mpg)
ft_dt$cyl <- cell_spec(ft_dt$cyl, angle = (1:5)*60, 
                      background = "red", color = "white", align = "center")
ft_dt$disp <- ifelse(
  ft_dt$disp > 200,
  cell_spec(ft_dt$disp, color = "red", bold = T),
  cell_spec(ft_dt$disp, color = "green", italic = T)
)
ft_dt$hp <- color_bar("lightgreen")(ft_dt$hp)
ft_dt <- ft_dt[c("car", "mpg", "cyl", "disp", "hp")]

kbl(ft_dt, escape = F) %>%
  kable_paper("hover", full_width = F) %>%
  column_spec(5, width = "3cm") %>%
  add_header_above(c(" ", "Hello" = 2, "World" = 2))
```

# Grouped Columns / Rows
## Add header rows to group columns
Tables with multi-row headers can be very useful to demonstrate grouped data. To do that, you can pipe your kable object into `add_header_above()`. The header variable is supposed to be a named character with the names as new column names and values as column span. For your convenience, if column span equals to 1, you can ignore the `=1` part so the function below can be written as `add_header_above(c(" ", "Group 1" = 2, "Group 2" = 2, "Group 3" = 2)).
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_classic() %>%
  add_header_above(c(" " = 1, "Group 1" = 2, "Group 2" = 2, "Group 3" = 2))
```

In fact, if you want to add another row of header on top, please feel free to do so.
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_paper() %>%
  add_header_above(c(" ", "Group 1" = 2, "Group 2" = 2, "Group 3" = 2)) %>%
  add_header_above(c(" ", "Group 4" = 4, "Group 5" = 2)) %>%
  add_header_above(c(" ", "Group 6" = 6))
```

## Group rows via labeling
Sometimes we want a few rows of the table being grouped together. They might be items under the same topic (e.g., animals in one species) or just different data groups for a categorical variable (e.g., age < 40, age > 40). With the function `group_rows()`/`pack_rows()` in `kableExtra`, this kind of task can be completed in one line. Please see the example below. Note that when you count for the start/end rows of the group, you don't need to count for the header rows nor other group label rows. You only need to think about the row numbers in the "original R dataframe".
```{r}
kbl(mtcars[1:10, 1:6], caption = "Group Rows") %>%
  kable_paper("striped", full_width = F) %>%
  pack_rows("Group 1", 4, 7) %>%
  pack_rows("Group 2", 8, 10)
```

Another way to use `pack_rows` is to provide an grouping index, similar with `add_header_above()`. This feature is only available in kableExtra > 0.5.2.
```{r, eval = F}
# Not evaluated. This example generates the same table as above.
kbl(mtcars[1:10, 1:6], caption = "Group Rows") %>%
  kable_paper("striped", full_width = F) %>%
  pack_rows(index = c(" " = 3, "Group 1" = 4, "Group 2" = 3))
```

For advanced users, you can even define your own css for the group labeling.
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_paper("striped", full_width = F) %>%
  pack_rows("Group 1", 3, 5, label_row_css = "background-color: #666; color: #fff;")
```

`r text_spec("Important Note!", bold = T, color = "#D7261E")`

Note that `dplyr` 0.8.0+ introduced a `group_rows` function as well for a trivial feature. Therefore, I'm create this `pack_rows` function as an alias to the original `group_rows`. In the future, **I recommend all kableExtra users to use `pack_rows` instead of `group_rows` to get rid of the NAMESPACE conflict.** 

Alternatively, for pre-existing codes, you have two ways to solve this. You can either load `kableExtra` after `dplyr` or `tidyverse`, or to use the `conflicted` package. Here is an example. 

```{r, eval=F}
# Method 1
pack_rows() # instead of group_rows()

# Method 2
library(dplyr)
library(kableExtra)

# Method 3
conflicted::conflict_prefer("group_rows", "kableExtra", "dplyr")
```

## Row indentation
Unlike `pack_rows()`, which will insert a labeling row, sometimes we want to list a few sub groups under a total one. In that case, `add_indent()` is probably more appropriate. 
For advanced users, you can even define your own css for the group labeling.
```{r}
kbl(dt) %>%
  kable_paper("striped", full_width = F) %>%
  add_indent(c(1, 3, 5))
```

## Group rows via multi-row cell
Function `pack_rows` is great for showing simple structural information on rows but sometimes people may need to show structural information with multiple layers. When it happens, you may consider to use `collapse_rows` instead, which will put repeating cells in columns into multi-row cells. The vertical alignment of the cell is controlled by `valign` with default as "top".

```{r}
collapse_rows_dt <- data.frame(C1 = c(rep("a", 10), rep("b", 5)),
                 C2 = c(rep("c", 7), rep("d", 3), rep("c", 2), rep("d", 3)),
                 C3 = 1:15,
                 C4 = sample(c(0,1), 15, replace = TRUE))
kbl(collapse_rows_dt, align = "c") %>%
  kable_paper(full_width = F) %>%
  column_spec(1, bold = T) %>%
  collapse_rows(columns = 1:2, valign = "top")
```

# Table Footnote

> Now it's recommended to use the new `footnote` function instead of `add_footnote` to make table footnotes. 

Documentations for `add_footnote` can be found [here](http://haozhu233.github.io/kableExtra/legacy_features#add_footnote).

There are four notation systems in `footnote`, namely `general`, `number`, `alphabet` and `symbol`. The last three types of footnotes will be labeled with corresponding marks while `general` won't be labeled. You can pick any one of these systems or choose to display them all for fulfill the APA table footnotes requirements. 
```{r}
kbl(dt, align = "c") %>%
  kable_classic(full_width = F) %>%
  footnote(general = "Here is a general comments of the table. ",
           number = c("Footnote 1; ", "Footnote 2; "),
           alphabet = c("Footnote A; ", "Footnote B; "),
           symbol = c("Footnote Symbol 1; ", "Footnote Symbol 2")
           )
```

You can also specify title for each category by using the `***_title` arguments. Default value for `general_title` is "Note: " and "" for the rest three. You can also change the order using `footnote_order`. You can even display footnote as chunk texts (default is as a list) using `footnote_as_chunk`. The font format of the titles are controlled by `title_format` with options including "italic" (default), "bold" and "underline".

```{r}
kbl(dt, align = "c") %>%
  kable_paper(full_width = F) %>%
  footnote(general = "Here is a general comments of the table. ",
           number = c("Footnote 1; ", "Footnote 2; "),
           alphabet = c("Footnote A; ", "Footnote B; "),
           symbol = c("Footnote Symbol 1; ", "Footnote Symbol 2"),
           general_title = "General: ", number_title = "Type I: ",
           alphabet_title = "Type II: ", symbol_title = "Type III: ",
           footnote_as_chunk = T, title_format = c("italic", "underline")
           )
```

If you need to add footnote marks in table, you need to do it manually (no fancy) using `footnote_mark_***()`. Remember that similar with `cell_spec`, you need to tell this function whether you want it to do it in `HTML` (default) or `LaTeX`. You can set it for all using the `knitr.table.format` global option. Also, if you have ever use `footnote_mark_***()`, you need to put `escape = F` in your `kable` function to avoid escaping of special characters. 

```{r}
dt_footnote <- dt
names(dt_footnote)[2] <- paste0(names(dt_footnote)[2], 
                                footnote_marker_symbol(1))
row.names(dt_footnote)[4] <- paste0(row.names(dt_footnote)[4], 
                                footnote_marker_alphabet(1))
kbl(dt_footnote, align = "c", 
      # Remember this escape = F
      escape = F) %>%
  kable_paper(full_width = F) %>%
  footnote(alphabet = "Footnote A; ",
           symbol = "Footnote Symbol 1; ",
           alphabet_title = "Type II: ", symbol_title = "Type III: ",
           footnote_as_chunk = T)
```

# HTML Only Features
## Scroll box
If you have a huge table and you don't want to reduce the font size to unreadable, you may want to put your HTML table in a scroll box, of which users can pick the part they like to read. Note that scroll box isn't printer friendly, so be aware of that when you use this feature. 

When you use `scroll_box`, you can specify either `height` or `width`. When you specify `height`, you will get a vertically scrollable box and vice versa. If you specify both, you will get a two-way scrollable box. 

```{r}
kbl(cbind(mtcars, mtcars)) %>%
  kable_paper() %>%
  scroll_box(width = "500px", height = "200px")
```

<br>

You can also specify width using a percentage.

```{r}
kbl(cbind(mtcars, mtcars)) %>%
  add_header_above(c("a" = 5, "b" = 18)) %>%
  kable_paper() %>%
  scroll_box(width = "100%", height = "200px")
```

Starting from version 1.1.0, if you have a fixed-height box, the header row is fixed 

## Save HTML table directly
If you need to save those HTML tables but you don't want to generate them through R Markdown, you can try to use the `save_kable()` function. You can choose whether to let those HTML files be self contained (default is yes). Self contained files packed CSS into the HTML file so they are quite large when there are many. 
```{r, eval=FALSE}
kbl(mtcars) %>%
  kable_paper() %>%
  save_kable(file = "table1.html", self_contained = T)
```

## Use it with sparkline
Well, this is not a feature but rather a documentation of how to use the `sparkline` package together with this package. The easiest way is sort of a hack. You can call `sparkline::sparkline(0)` somewhere on your document where no one would mind so its dependencies could be loaded without any hurdles. Then you use `sparkline::spk_chr()` to generate the text. For a working example, see: [Chinese names in US babynames](https://cranky-chandrasekhar-cfefcd.netlify.app/)

```{r}
# Not evaluated
library(sparkline)
sparkline::sparkline(0)
```

```{r}
spk_dt <- data.frame(
  var = c("mpg", "wt"),
  sparkline = c(sparkline::spk_chr(mtcars$mpg), sparkline::spk_chr(mtcars$wt))
)

kbl(spk_dt, escape = F) %>%
  kable_paper(full_width = F)
```

# From other packages
Since the structure of `kable` is relatively simple, it shouldn't be too difficult to convert HTML or LaTeX tables generated by other packages to a `kable` object and then use `kableExtra` to modify the outputs. If you are a package author, feel free to reach out to me and we can collaborate. 

## `tables`
The latest version of [`tables`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tables) comes with a `toKable()` function, which is compatible with functions in `kableExtra` (>=0.9.0).

## `xtable`
For `xtable` users, if you want to use `kableExtra` functions on that, check out this `xtable2kable()` function shipped with kableExtra 1.0. 

```{r, eval=F}
# Not evaluating
xtable::xtable(mtcars[1:4, 1:4], caption = "Hello xtable") %>%
  xtable2kable() %>%
  column_spec(1, color = "red")
```